Patanjali Yoga Sutra 1.1

Sanskrit Sutra

अथ योगानुशासनम्॥१॥

Swami Vivekananda's translation

Now concentration is explained.

Vyasa Bhashya (Sanskrit)

अथेत्ययमधिकारार्थः। योगानुशासनं शास्त्रमधिकृतं वेदितव्यम्। योगः समाधिः। स च सार्वभौमश्चित्तस्य धर्मः। क्षिप्तं मूढं विक्षिप्तमेकाग्रं निरुद्धमिति चित्तभूमयः। तत्र विक्षिप्ते चेतसि विक्षेपोपसर्जनीभूतः समाधिर्न योगपक्षे वर्तते। यस्त्वेकाग्रे चेतसि सद्भूतमर्थं प्रद्योतयति क्षिणोति च क्लेशान्कर्मबन्धनानि श्लथयति निरोधमभिमुखं करोति स संप्रज्ञातो योग इत्याख्यायते। स च वितर्कानुगतो विचारानुगत आनन्दानुगतोऽस्मितानुगत इत्युपरिष्टान्निवेदयिष्यामः। सर्ववृत्तिनिरोधे त्वसंप्रज्ञातः समाधिः ॥ १ ॥

Vyasa Bhashya (English Translation)

The word ‘atha’ denotes the commencement of a topic. The treatise on the discipline of Yoga is to be understood as commenced. Yoga is Samadhi (concentration/absorption). And that is a property of the mind (citta) in all its states. The states of the mind are: ksipta (wandering/restless), mudha (infatuated/dull), viksipta (distracted), ekagra (one-pointed), and niruddha (restricted/arrested). Among these, in a distracted mind, the concentration which is subordinated to distraction does not fall within the category of Yoga. But that which, in a one-pointed mind, fully illuminates a true object, destroys the afflictions (kleshas), loosens the bonds of karma, and brings it towards restriction (nirodha), is called Samprajnata Yoga (cognitive absorption). And that is accompanied by vitarka (deliberation), vicara (reflection), ananda (joy), and asmita (sense of I-am-ness) - as we shall explain later. When all mental modifications are restricted, it is Asamprajnata Samadhi (ultra-cognitive absorption). || 1 ||

The Five Chitta Bhumis (States of Mind)

Sanskrit (Devanagari)	Transliteration	Meaning/Description
क्षिप्त	Kshipta	Wandering, restless, highly agitated
मूढ	Mudha	Dull, infatuated, lethargic, ignorant
विक्षिप्त	Vikshipta	Distracted, occasionally steady but prone to losing focus
एकाग्र	Ekagra	One-pointed, concentrated, focused on a single object
निरुद्ध	Niruddha	Restricted, arrested, all mental modifications suspended

Chapter link: Yoga Sutra Chapter 1